Harappa is an archeological site in Punjab, Pakistan,
around 24 km (15 mi) west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a cutting
edge town situated close to the previous course of the Ravi River. The present
town of Harappa is 6 km (3.7 mi) from the antiquated site. Albeit present day
Harappa has a legacy railroad station from the time of the British Raj, it is
today only a little intersection town of populace 15,000.
The site of
the old city contains the remnants of a Bronze Age invigorated city, which was
a piece of the Cemetery H culture and the Indus Valley Civilization, focused in
Sindh and the Punjab. The city is accepted to have had upwards of 23,500
inhabitants and involved around 150 hectares (370 sections of land) with dirt
designed houses at its most prominent degree amid the Mature Harappan stage
(2600–1900 BC), which is viewed as substantial for its time. Per
archeological tradition of naming a formerly obscure progress by its initially
uncovered site, the Indus Valley Civilization is likewise called the Harappan
Civilization.
The
antiquated city of Harappa was vigorously harmed under British run, when blocks
from the remains were utilized as track counterbalance as a part of the
development of the Lahore-Multan Railway. In 2005, a questionable carnival plot
at the site was surrendered when manufacturers uncovered numerous archeological
curios amid the early phases of building work. A supplication from the
Pakistani prehistorian Ahmad Hasan Dani to the Ministry of Culture brought
about a reclamation of the site.
Prehistoric studies:
The
excavators of the site have proposed the accompanying sequence of Harappa's
occupation:
·
Ravi Aspect of the Hakra stage, c.
3300 – 2800 BC.
·
Kot Dijian (Early Harappan) stage,
c. 2800 – 2600 BC.
·
Harappan Phase, c. 2600 – 1900 BC.
·
Transitional Phase, c. 1900 – 1800
BC.
·
Late Harappan Phase, c. 1800 –
1300 BC.
By a wide
margin the most flawless and cloud antiquities uncovered to date are the
little, square steatite (soapstone) seals engraved with human or creature
themes. Countless have been found at such locales as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa.
Many bear pictographic engravings by and large thought to be a type of
composing or script.[citation needed] Despite the endeavors of philologists
from all parts of the world, and regardless of the utilization of current
cryptographic examination, the signs stay undeciphered. It is additionally
obscure on the off chance that they reflect proto-Dravidian or other non-Vedic
language(s). The credit of Indus Valley Civilization iconography and epigraphy
to truly known societies is to a great degree hazardous, to some extent due to
the fairly questionable archeological confirmation of such claims, and in
addition the projection of present day South Asian political concerns onto the
archeological record of the territory. This is particularly apparent in the
drastically changing understandings of Harappan material culture as observed
from both Pakistan-and India-based researchers. In February 2006 a teacher in
the town of Sembian-Kandiyur in Tamil Nadu found a stone celt (device) with an
engraving assessed to be up to 3,500 years old.
Indian epigraphist Iravatham
Mahadevan hypothesized that the four signs were in the Indus script and called
the locate "the best archeological disclosure of a century in Tamil
Nadu".[13] Based on this confirmation he goes ahead to propose that the
dialect utilized as a part of the Indus Valley was of Dravidian cause.
Nonetheless, the nonappearance of a Bronze Age in South India, diverged from
the learning of bronze making strategies in the Indus Valley societies, raises
doubt about the legitimacy of this speculation.
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